Foreign Earned Income by U.S. Taxpayers
The rules below for filing a United States or U.S. tax return generally apply to you if you are a U.S. citizen or a resident alien - Green Card Holder - and you live and/or work in a foreign country. U.S. citizens get taxed on their worldwide or foreign income, regardless of where they reside. You may also qualify for tax breaks as an American employee working overseas. If you are unsure if you need to file a 2022 Tax Return, use the eFile.com FILEucator tool. For all previous tax years or back taxes, start on the tax calculator page.
As a general rule, you should file taxes if your gross income from all your worldwide sourced U.S. taxable income - which excludes U.S. tax-free income - is at least that of the 2022 standard deduction for your IRS filing status. Learn more about foreign income tax exclusion qualifications and dollar amounts on this page below.
It might also be beneficial for you to file a return even if your income is below the 2022 standard deduction, as you might be eligible for certain tax credits - including the foreign tax credit - thus, you could receive a tax refund. Use one of these many 2022 tax calculator tools that allow you to assess your personal situation.
Income tax regulations between two countries are documented in tax treaties; here is an overview of US tax treaties with other countries. The foreign tax treaty also applies if you work in the U.S. as a foreigner. In addition, you also need to check if you have tax obligations in the country in which you earned your income or resided during 2022. Learn what to do if you work in the gig economy or are an independent contractor.
We also want to encourage and invite you to discuss your particular tax situation with one of our Taxperts®. Here on eFile.com, you will have your own Personal Tax Support Page.
U.S. Citizens with Foreign Income
When preparing your 2022 Tax Return on eFile.com, you do not have to consider many of these rules. Answer a few simple questions, and the eFile.com Tax App will select the correct tax forms for you based on your answers. eFile.com will also help you complete and e-file the forms. You might qualify for the Foreign Tax Credit if you pay taxes in a foreign country for your foreign-earned income. Learn more about what qualifies as foreign-earned income.
Tax Tip: File something - tax return or extension - even if you can't pay anything! Why? The late filing penalties are generally higher than the late payment penalties. This rule does not apply if you don't owe taxes. For 2022 Tax Returns, you have until April 18, 2026, to claim your tax refund by filing your tax return. You can also prepare and e-file a free tax extension on eFile.com with the April 18, 2023, due date. If you owe federal taxes, you can pay them online by using a U.S. bank account.
Any type of income you generate from a foreign country should be reported on your taxes. This includes unearned income, such as interest, dividends, and pensions. Additionally, wages and tips plus self-employed or business income are types of earned income that must be reported.
Did you know you are given a two-month tax extension to June 15 if you are outside the country to file your taxes? If you anticipate this, file an extension on eFile.com and indicate this on the extension Form 4868 and eFileIT.
Foreign Income and Filing a U.S. Tax Return
If you lived and/or worked abroad during the 2022 Tax Year and have gross taxable income from worldwide sources at least the amount shown for your filing status, you must file a tax return. This also applies to you if you are a U.S. citizen working for the federal government (including the Foreign Service) and you are stationed abroad. Use the eFile.com "Do I have to file a tax return?" tool to get answers for your specific tax situation.
These factors generally determine whether or not you must file a U.S. tax return:
Here are a few samples of income types you will need to report on your U.S. income tax return:
- Gross Income: Includes all income you received throughout the tax year, including goods, money, services, self-employment earnings (reported on the gross income line of Schedule C, Profit or Loss from Business), and property that is not exempt from taxes. It also includes income you excluded as foreign earned income or foreign housing amounts.
- Foreign Income: You must convert your foreign currency into U.S. dollars on amounts you received or amounts you paid some or all of your expenses.
When you prepare your return on eFile.com, the tax app will help with all of this.
Foreign Earned Income
Foreign earned income is income you receive for services performed in a foreign country during the period your tax home (the general area of your main place of business, employment, or post of duty where you are permanently or indefinitely engaged in working) is in a foreign country and whether you meet the bona fide residence test or physical presence test. How or where you are paid does not affect the income source. For instance, the income you received for work you've done in Brazil is income from a foreign source. This applies even if the income is directly paid to your U.S. bank account and your employer is located in Chicago, for example. In this situation, you might qualify for the foreign income tax exclusion.
If you received a specific amount for work you've done in the U.S., you must report that amount as U.S. source income. U.S. source income is the amount that results from multiplying your total pay (including allowances, reimbursements other than foreign moves, and noncash fringe benefits) by a fraction. The numerator (top number) is the number of days you worked in the U.S., and the denominator (bottom number) is the total number of days for which you were paid.
If you can't determine how much is for work done in the U.S. or for work done partly in that country and partly in a foreign country, you should determine the U.S. source income amount using the method that correctly shows the proper source of your income the most. You can make this determination on a timely basis in most cases.
Most payments received by U.S. Government civilian employees for working overseas are taxed. These payments include pay differentials. Pay differentials are financial incentives you received for overseas employment under adverse conditions, like severe climate, or because the post location is outside of the U.S. (the area doesn't have to be a qualified hazardous duty area). Examples of pay differentials include special incentive differentials, post differentials, and danger pay. They should be included on your W-2 Form as wages.
Here are other types of foreign income that may be taxed if you are a U.S. government civilian employee:
- Sale of Your Home: This may include part, or all of the gains on the sale of your main home, within or outside of the U.S. Losses are not deductible, but you may be able to exclude any gain up to $250,000 (married filing joint return: $500,000) from your income. You must have used and owned the home as your main residence for 2 of the five years preceding the home sale date. You can choose to have the 5-year test period for use and ownership suspended during any period you or your spouse is serving on qualified extended duty as a member of the Foreign Service of the United States, as an employee of the intelligence community, or as a volunteer or employee of the Peace Corps.
- Sale of Personal Property: If you have a gain from a personal property sale (automobile, home appliance, etc.), whether directly or through a favorable exchange rate in converting the proceeds to U.S. dollars, the excess of the amount received over the cost or other basis of the property is a capital gain and should be reported on a Schedule D (Capital Gains and Losses). This form is generated by eFile.com when you e-File your taxes using the app. Losses from sales of your personal property, whether directly or through an unfavorable exchange rate, are not deductible.
Not Foreign Earned Income
The following are items that the IRS doesn't include as foreign earned income:
- Previously excluded value of meals and lodging furnished for the employer's convenience
- Pay you received as a U.S. Government employee
- Recaptured, unallowable moving expenses
- Annuity or pension payments (including Social Security benefits)
- Payments received after the end of the tax year following the actual tax year in which you performed the services that resulted in earned income
- Amounts included in your income because of your employer's contributions to a nonexempt employee trust or a nonqualified annuity contract.
Non-Taxable Allowance Income
Three types of allowances from overseas services employment are not taxed:
- Foreign areas: motor vehicle shipment, transportation for medical treatment, repairs on a leased home, temporary living quarters, separate maintenance for dependents, travel/moving, storage, education of dependents in special situations
- Cost of living: applies to U.S. citizens stationed outside the continental United States or in Alaska (including federal court employees). The allowances are usually not included in their gross incomes, and regulations approved by the President grant this. Therefore, they're not included on W-2 Forms.
- Business travel: generally paid under an accountable plan, thus not being included in your wages on your W-2 Form. You don't need to show your expenses or reimbursements on your return if the expenses aren't more than the reimbursements. However, if you don't account to your employer for a travel advance or you don't return any excess advance within a reasonable amount of time, the excess or advance will be included on your W-2 Form.
Foreign service employees' allowances for representation expenses are also tax-free under the provisions above. Certain foreign areas allowances should not be added to your W-2 Form as wages by your employer.
Some exceptions exist to allowance income taxability if you are a Peace Corps volunteer or volunteer leader. Some allowances are taxed, and others are not. Taxable allowances are received by you when credited to your account. The expenses below must be reported as wages on your tax return (refer to your W-2 Form):
- Those paid to your spouse and minor children during your training in the United States (if you are a volunteer leader)
- Part of living allowances designated by the Director as basic compensation for personal items (laundry and clothing maintenance, domestic help, transportation, entertainment and recreation, and other miscellaneous expenses)
- Readjustment allowances or "termination payments."
- Leave allowances.
Nontaxable allowances should not be included on your W-2 since they are tax-free, whether they're paid by the U.S. government or the foreign country in which you are stationed. They include travel allowances and part-of-living allowances for utilities, housing, clothing, food, and household supplies.
Taxes On Foreign Income
U.S. citizens and resident aliens earning over a certain amount of income from foreign sources may have to pay income taxes on the foreign income. You must pay U.S. taxes on the income you earned abroad like you pay taxes on the income you earned in the United States. In other words, Social Security and Medicare taxes may apply to wages you earned for services in a foreign country for the following situations:
- You performed the services on or in connection with an American aircraft or vessel and entered into your employment contract with the U.S., or the aircraft or vessel lands at a U.S. port while employed on it.
- You were working in one of the countries with which the U.S. entered a bilateral Social Security agreement.
- You are working for a U.S. employer.
- You are working for a foreign affiliate of a U.S. employer under a voluntary agreement that was entered between the U.S. employer and the U.S. Treasury Department.
Generally, if you do not meet any of the exceptions above, Medicare and Social Security taxes will not be withheld from your foreign wages. If you are an employee of a U.S. company and your employer doesn't withhold income tax or doesn't withhold enough taxes, you may have to pay an estimated tax. Though your international income is taxed regardless of where you reside, you may qualify for a foreign-earned income exclusion.
Withhold Taxes from Foreign Income
Here are three ways to withhold taxes from your foreign income:
- Limit or discontinue tax withholding: If you expect to qualify for the foreign income tax withholding under the bona fide residence test or physical presence test, you may be able to have your employer discontinue withholding income tax from a part or all of your wages.
- Pension payment withholding: U.S. payers of benefits from employer deferred compensation plans (annuity, employer pension, or profit-sharing plans), commercial annuities, or individual retirement plans generally must withhold income tax from the distributions or payments. If you want to claim an exemption from the withholding, you must provide the benefits payer with a residence address in the United States or a U.S. possession unless you certify to the payer that you are not a U.S. citizen, resident alien, someone who left the U.S. to avoid paying tax.
- Estimated tax: You may have to pay an estimated tax if you work abroad for a foreign employer since foreign employers generally don't withhold U.S. taxes from your wages. In general, your estimated tax is the total of your estimated income tax and self-employment for the year minus your expected withholding for the year. Don't include the income you expect to exclude when you estimate your gross income. You can subtract your estimated housing deduction from your income to determine your estimated tax liability. However, you may be penalized for underpayment if the actual deduction or exclusion is less than you expected.
See more details on tax withholding.
Foreign Income Tax Exclusion Qualifications
You may qualify for a foreign income tax exclusion from a limited amount of foreign-earned income. To qualify for the exclusion, you must reside and work outside the U.S. and meet the Physical Presence or Bona Fide Residence Test.
U.S. citizens or resident aliens supporting the U.S. Armed Forces in designated combat zones overseas (specifically contractors or employees of contractors) may also qualify for the exclusion, even if their home is in the United States.
Foreign Housing Exclusion
If you work and live outside the U.S. during the tax year, you may be able to exclude amounts paid by your employer for housing expenses. You must meet the requirements of either the Bona Fide or the Physical Presence Test to exclude these costs. Housing expenses that qualify for the exclusion include:
- Rent
- Repairs
- Utilities (other than telephone)
- Real/personal property insurance (homeowners & renters' insurance)
- Nonrefundable security deposits or lease payments.
These expenses don't qualify for the exclusion:
- Cost of buying property (such as main mortgage payments)
- Home improvements
- Extravagant expenses (based on your situation)
- Domestic labor (such as gardeners and maids)
- Deductible taxes and interest (mortgage interest).
For more information about Foreign Housing Exclusions and the Foreign Income Tax Exclusion (or FEIE), be sure to check out our dedicated page on the subject.
More Foreign Earned Income Information
Self-Employment Taxes for a Business in a Foreign Country or U.S. Territory
Generally, you must pay self-employment taxes if you are abroad and a self-employed U.S. citizen or resident alien. There is a Social Security and Medicare tax on net earnings from self-employment of $400 or more per tax year. Your net self-employment income is used to figure your net earnings from self-employment. Net self-employment income usually includes all business income minus all business deductions allowed for income tax purposes, while net earnings from self-employment is a portion of net self-employment income. This amount is figured on Schedule SE, Self-Employment Tax; the actual self-employment tax is calculated on net self-employment earnings. You must consider all of your self-employment income when figuring out your net earnings from self-employment, including income exempt from income tax because of the foreign-earned income exclusion.
If you are a U.S. citizen or resident and you own and operate a business in Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, you must pay taxes on your net earnings from self-employment ($400 or more) from these sources. In addition, you must pay the self-employment tax regardless of whether the income is exempt from U.S. taxes (otherwise, you must file a tax return).
Tax Return and Tax Payment Extensions for Being in a Combat Zone
If you were a civilian who served in a combat zone or a qualified hazardous duty area in support of the U.S. Armed Forces, you could receive a deadline extension for the following:
- Filing tax returns (for the period of your service, plus 180 days after your last day there; the extension period will also include the 46 days that were left before the Tax Day deadline when you entered the combat zone; during your 226-day extension period, assessment and collection deadlines will be extended and you won't be charged penalties or interest connected to the extension period)
- Paying taxes (same period as returns)
- Filing claims for refund(s)
- Doing other tax-related acts (which were performed on or after the start date for your combat zone or the date you began serving in that combat zone, whichever is later; deadline extensions begin on the day you started the services).
Forgiven Debt for Taxpayers Who Died in Terrorist or Military Action Overseas
Income taxes are forgiven for a U.S. Government civilian employee who dies due to injuries or wounds incurred while employed by the U.S. Government. The injuries or wounds must have been caused by military or terrorist action directed against the United States or its allies. The taxes are forgiven for the deceased employee's tax years, beginning with the year immediately before the year in which the injury or wounds occurred and ending with the year of death. If you and your deceased spouse filed a joint return, only your spouse's part of the joint tax liability is forgiven.
Related Foreign Income Information
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